顶刊译评 | 社会创业研究前沿文献精选
编者按：
本期分享SEJ、JBE和TFSC等期刊近期发表的社会创业和社会企业研究精选。
目录 CONTENTS
通过社会创业的方法服务农村低收入市场：创业及其成长
Serving rural low-income markets through a social entrepreneurship approach: Venture creation and growth
对工作整合型社会企业预期价值的认知方法
A cognitive approach to the expected value of work integration social enterprises
社会变革的伦理复杂性：社会企业的协商行动
Ethical Complexity of Social Change: Negotiated Actions of a Social Enterprise
早起的鸟儿还是早起的虫儿？先动优/劣势与网络社会企业的成功
Early bird or early worm? First-mover (dis)advantages and the success of web-based social enterprises
员工社会创业导向和高管团队决策对产品创新的影响作用的双层纵向研究
A two-level, longitudinal investigation into the effects of employee social entrepreneurship orientation and top management team decisions on product innovation
通过社会创业的方法服务农村低收入市场：创业及其成长
Serving rural low-income markets through a social entrepreneurship approach: Venture creation and growth
摘要：
发展中国家的农村社区往往高度贫困、缺乏熟练劳动力和基础设施建设水平落后。通过对服务于拉丁美洲农村低收入市场的三家社会企业的分析，本文探讨了社会创业如何创建和发展他们的企业。本文通过三个层面分析社会创业者如何在服务农村低收入市场的过程中创建并发展企业。个人层面，创始人不断地修正目标和获取新能力；社区层面，创始人努力将商业流程嵌入社区情境；组织层面，创始人追求创新型商业模式。这些过程是动态且相互依赖的。本文框架的贡献在于，明晰了高度不确定性和资源约束的环境下的社会企业创办和成长过程。
Rural communities in developing countries often exhibit high poverty levels, lack of skilled labor, and limited infrastructure. Through an analysis of three social ventures serving rural low-income markets in Latin America, we explore how social entrepreneurs create and grow their ventures. We advance a multilevel framework that incorporates three main levels within the creation and growth process of social ventures serving these markets. At the individual level, founders are continuously revising goals and acquiring new capabilities. At the community-relations level, they engage in explicit efforts to ground business operations in the community. At the organizational level, they pursue innovative business models. These processes are dynamic and interdependent. This framework contributes to the research on social venture creation and growth in uncertain and resource-constrained environments.
关键词：
创新商业模式；农村低收入市场；社会创业
innovative business model；rural low-income markets；social entrepreneurship
文献来源：
Andrea M. Prado, Jeffrey A. Robinson, Zur Shapira.(2022). Serving rural low-income markets through a social entrepreneurship approach: Venture creation and growth. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1-27.
对工作整合型社会企业预期价值的认知方法
A cognitive approach to the expected value of work integration social enterprises
摘要：
社会企业通常同时追求多个相互竞争的组织目标。例如，社会企业同时追求社会目标（例如，将弱势群体融入劳动力市场）和商业目标（例如，实现盈利）。本文认为，对于这些社会企业，如何被感知取决于它们的目标呈现方式，以及评估者所使用的不同分类过程。这两个因素共同影响了社会企业的合法性和预期价值。本文还认为，这些影响效应随着评估者知识水平的参差而存在差异。综上所述，本文的研究结果丰富了认知视角的战略创业理论以及关于市场类别和混合组织的文献。
Oftentimes, social enterprises simultaneously pursue competing organizational goals. For example, this can mean having a social goal (e.g., integrating vulnerable populations into the labor market) and a commercial goal (e.g., being profitable). I propose a theory according to which for such social enterprises, how they are perceived depends on how their goals are presented and on the type of categorization process used by their evaluating audience. These two factors together impact a venture's legitimacy and expected value. I also show that these effects vary with the level of knowledgeability of the audience performing the evaluation. Taken together, the results of this paper have implications for the cognitive perspective on strategic entrepreneurship as well as the literature on categories in markets and on hybrid organizations.
关键词：
类别；认知创业；实验方法；社会企业；社会评估
categories；cognitive entrepreneurship；experimental methods；social enterprises, social evaluation
文献来源：
Romain Boulongne. (2022). A cognitive approach to the expected value of work integration social enterprises.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1-37.
社会变革的伦理复杂性：社会企业的协商行动
Ethical Complexity of Social Change: Negotiated Actions of a Social Enterprise
摘要：
本文研究了社会企业如何在社会变革的伦理复杂性中探索前进，并将社会企业（SEs）所面临的伦理困境扩展到组织边界之外。基于社会企业伦理的最新文献，本文将伦理概念化为权力关系的介入。本文探讨了社会企业的伦理倾向和其所处的社会系统规范结构之间的交互作用。本文将这一系列概念应用于等级森严且异质性程度高的印度农村情境下，为伦理决策的道德模糊性提供了新视角，并研究了伦理行为的作用途径。本文采用定性案例研究方法，追踪了社会企业在印度的实践过程。本文观察到在设计实施过程（公平VS平等）、选择受益人（公平VS权力）和维持项目（合作与自治）方面的伦理挑战。本文还确定了社会企业的三个行动——识别行动、重新定位行动和协作行动——并开发了一个变革性过程模型。本文讨论了这项研究对社会企业的理论意义，并建议批判性地采用伦理理论以解决系统问题。
This paper investigates how social enterprises navigate through the ethical complexity of social change and extends the ethical quandaries faced by social enterprises (SEs) beyond organisational boundaries. Building on the emerging literature on the ethics of SEs, I conceptualise ethics as an engagement with power relations. I develop theoretical arguments to understand the interaction between ethical predispositions of a SE and the normative structure of the social system in which it operates.I applied this conceptualisation in a hierarchical and heterogeneous rural Indian context to provide insights into the moral ambiguity of ethical decision-making and suggest pathways for ethical actions. Taking a qualitative case study approach, I followed an exemplary SE’s implementation process in India. I observed ethical challenges in designing the implementation process (efciency versus equality), selecting the benefciaries (fairness versus power) and sustaining the programme (cooperation versus autonomy). I also identifed three actions of the SE—the action of recognition, the action of reposition and the action of collaboration—and developed a transformative process model. I discuss the theoretical implications of this research for SEs and recommend a critical engagement with ethical theories to address systemic problems.
关键词：
伦理复杂性；实践为本的方法；原则为本的方法
Ethical complexity; Practice based approach; Principle based approach
文献来源：
Babita Bhatt. (2022). Ethical Complexity of Social Change: Negotiated Actions of a Social Enterprise. Journal of Business Ethics, (177) :743–762.
早起的鸟儿还是早起的虫儿？先动优/劣势与网络社会企业的成功
Early bird or early worm? First-mover (dis)advantages and the success of web-based social enterprises
摘要：
在最佳的时机市场进入对创业者来说至关重要，尤其是在线上网络市场中。在线上网络市场中，基于网络的社会创业活动持续增长。这就产生了一个问题：先动者进入市场是否真的有回报？作为一个（后来的）追随者进入市场是更好的选择吗？截至目前，有关先动者的研究还没有充分回答这个问题。本文将先动者理论引入线上网络社会企业研究中，以弥补这一研究不足。本文通过反思“赢者通吃”假说，更深入地阐释了市场结构演化和进入决策机制，拓展了先动者理论。本文的实证数据来自12个国家市场样本中各种网络社会企业。本文研究结果表明，先动优势不仅适用于那些第一个进入市场的企业，也适用于早期的追随者。此外，进入市场的速度也很重要。然而，我们的研究也表明，先动优势不应被高估；市场结构和网络效应可以解释不同的结果。此外，所研究的两种商业模式在成熟阶段都表现出了很高的市场集中度，这意味着赢家虽然可能没有占据全部市场，但确实所占份额最多。
Achieving the optimal market entry time is of immense strategic importance for entrepreneurs, especially in online markets, where web-based social entrepreneurial activity continues to grow. This raises the question of whether first-mover market entry actually pays off or if market entry as a (later) follower might be the better option. First-mover research has so far not adequately answered this question. Our work contributes to closing this gap by transferring first-mover theory to web-based social enterprises. We expand upon first-mover theory by reflecting on the winner-take-all hypothesis to better illuminate the mechanisms of market structure development and entry decisions. Our empirical data was gathered on various types of web-based social enterprise models in a sample of 12 national markets. Our results show that first-mover advantages are available not only to those who are the very first to market but also to early followers. In addition, the speed of market entry matters. Our work also indicates, however, that first-mover advantages should not be overestimated; market structures and network effects may explain varying results. Furthermore, both business models studied exhibited high market concentration at a mature stage, implying that the winner, although perhaps not taking all, does take most.
关键词：
网络社会企业；社会创业；先动者；早期追随者
Web-based social business；Social entrepreneurship；First mover；Early followers
文献来源：
Halberstadt, J., Kollhoff, S., Kraus, S., & Dhir, A. (2022). Early bird or early worm? First-mover (dis) advantages and the success of web-based social enterprises. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 181, 121784.
员工社会创业导向和高管团队决策对产品创新的影响作用的双层纵向研究
A two-level, longitudinal investigation into the effects of employee social entrepreneurship orientation and top management team decisions on product innovation
摘要：
虽然社会创业导向（SEO）是一个相对较新的研究领域，但随着SEO研究的深入，对于SEO如何影响公司绩效，特别是创新绩效，现有文献已有突破。然而，组织内部的社会创业员工以及高管团队具体决策特征如何影响创新绩效，仍然缺乏实证研究。本文旨在通过中观-微观方法，探讨高层管理团队（TMT）的决策创造力和速度如何调节员工社会创业导向（eSEO）对企业产品创新绩效的影响。为了揭示员工社会创业导向的动态演化，本文采用纵向研究设计，从206家社会企业中收集2567名员工、一名TMT成员和一名新产品开发经理的数据，并使用二手代理数据集对原始数据进行三角验证。本文研究结果表明，高TMT决策创造力有助于社会企业利用员工社会创业导向（eSEO）来提高产品创新绩效，而高TMT决策速度则不能产生同样的效果。当高TMT决策创造力与低TMT决策速度相结合时，员工社会创业导向（eSEO）对产品创新的贡献最大。
While social entrepreneurship orientation (SEO) is a relatively new field of study, thanks to SEO researchers' efforts we have learned how SEO influences firm performance, notably innovation performance. However, there is still a clear lack of empirical work on how social entrepreneurial employees within an organization and specific decision characteristics of top management they work under may influence innovation performance. This study aims to contribute to the above issues by adopting a meso-to-micro approach to investigating how top management team (TMT) decision creativity and speed influence the effects of employee social entrepreneurship orientation (eSEO) on firms' product innovation performance. To reveal the dynamics of eSEO over-time, we adopted a longitudinal research design to collect data from 2567 employees, one TMT member, and one new product development manager from each of the 206 social enterprises, with a secondary proxy dataset to triangulate the primary data. Our results show that high TMT decision creativity helps social enterprises leverage eSEO to enhance product innovation performance, while high TMT decision speed fails to produce the same effect. When high TMT decision creativity is coupled with low TMT decision speed, the contribution of eSEO to product innovation is at its largest.
文献来源：
Colin C.J. Cheng, Eric C. Shiu. (2022). A two-level, longitudinal investigation into the effects of employee social entrepreneurship orientation and top management team decisions on product innovation. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, (182): 121832.
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