【前沿追踪】基于创业机会的顶刊文献分享

基于创业机会的顶刊文献分享

作为一种事后概念的创业机会，是创业主体在创业情境中以私人知识产生特定预期并采取行动的竞争性过程中所发展出来的,与创业者的认知过程和行动模式联系紧密。创业机会的捕获,需要把握创业机会的内涵，并对其来源定位、评估及精准识别机会价值,才能获得富有竞争力的商业成功。本次围绕“创业机会”的主题，选取近年发表在国外顶刊的4篇文章，探讨创业机会内涵、特征、来源、识别方法和作用等。如Strategic Management Journal中Discovery, discernment, and exploitation: Entrepreneurial mechanisms at the nexus of individual and opportunity一文，基于”机会—发现”视角提出一个新的研究框架，认为新创企业从三种不同的机制中产生:发现、辨别和利用。并讨论了此框架在不同环境下的应用，扩展到其他类型的创业，以及机会的可行性作为创业研究导向的构建。如Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice中Entrepreneurial opportunities as responsibility一文，认为创业者利用机会取得进展的一个关键过程是通过识别、选择、登记和协调利益相关者网络，并为利益相关者理论提供了一个全新的视角来看待与利益相关者接触的关键创业行为。Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice中Does It Need to be Broader or Deeper? Trade-Offs in Entrepreneurship Theorizing一文，强调创业研究理论化的共同挑战，并为我们(作为一个学者群体)如何应对这些挑战提供建议，以开发更强大、更有影响力的创业研究，推动创业领域的发展。Academy of Management Perspectives中Has the concept of opportunities been fruitful in the field of entrepreneurship?一文，将创业研究与战略管理领域的一些理论联系起来，强调了机会在创业领域的重要性。

PART.1

Discovery, discernment, and exploitation: Entrepreneurial mechanisms at the nexus of individual and opportunity

发现、辨别和利用：个人和机会之间的创业机制

Keywords:

Entrepreneurship; Founding; Information asymmetry; Opportunity; Strategy

关键词：

创业；创建；信息不对称；机会；策略

Abstract:

Research Summary：Extending the opportunity-discovery perspective on Kirznerian entrepreneurship, we propose a general framework in which new businesses emerge from three distinct mechanisms situated at the individual-opportunity nexus: discovery, discernment, and exploitation. We propose observing opportunities in market exchanges and characterizing their profitability potential based on a component that is common to all observers and one that is specific to individual observers who vary in access to market information. Analysis of an online platform for freelance labor demonstrates our contributions in theory, measurement, and inference. In this context, discovery and exploitation mechanisms shape individuals' entrepreneurial transitions from freelancer to founder. We discuss applications of our framework across settings, extensions to other types of entrepreneurship, and the viability of opportunity as an orienting construct for entrepreneurship research.

Managerial Summary：Entrepreneurial opportunities are present in all markets but there is no systematic way of observing or valuing such opportunities, much less predicting where and when they become the basis for new businesses. We propose doing this with data commonly collected and archived by online platforms. We acknowledge that new businesses are often founded if one is in the right place at the right time; if one can distinguish a great opportunity from a good (or bad) one; or if one is capable of making a market. Our framework makes each of these intuitions empirically distinct, thus offering insights on where, when, and by whom new businesses are likely to be founded.

摘要：

研究总结：扩展了Kirznerian式创业的机会-发现视角，我们提出了一个总体框架。在这个框架中，新业务从位于个人-机会关系的三种不同机制中产生:发现、辨别和利用。我们建议观察市场交易中的机会，并根据所有观察者共同的组成部分和个别观察者在获取市场信息方面不同的组成部分来描述其盈利潜力。对自由职业者在线平台的分析显示了我们在理论、测量和推理方面的贡献。在这种背景下，发现和利用机制塑造了个人从自由职业者到创始人的创业转变。研究还讨论了我们的框架在不同环境下的应用，扩展到其他类型的创业，以及机会的可行性作为创业研究导向的构建。

管理总结：所有市场都存在创业机会，但没有系统的方法来观察或评估这些机会，更不用说预测它们何时何地成为新业务的基础。我们建议使用在线平台通常收集和存档数据。我们承认，如果一个人在正确的时间出现在正确的地点，新的企业往往会创建;如果一个人能把好机会和坏机会区分开来;或者有能力创造市场。我们的框架使每一种直觉在经验上都是不同的，从而提供了关于新企业可能在何时、何地以及由谁创立的见解。

文献来源：

Barach M A, Rider C I. Discovery, discernment, and exploitation: Entrepreneurial mechanisms at the nexus of individual and opportunity[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2023.

PART.2

Entrepreneurial Opportunities as Responsibility

作为责任的创业机会

Keywords:

Entrepreneur; Stakeholder; Opportunity; Responsibility

关键词：

企业家；利益相关者；机会；责任

Abstract:

Entrepreneurship involves cooperative efforts in which multiple stakeholders and resources are brought together to develop a valuable product or service. Accordingly, one key process through which entrepreneurs make progress exploiting their opportunities is by identifying, selecting, enrolling, and coordinating a network of stakeholders. However, although there is a widespread realization that bringing new ventures to life requires multiple stakeholders, precious little academic research has taken a holistic approach to stakeholder engagement. In this special issue we: (a) suggest that stakeholder theory provides a novel lens for viewing the critical entrepreneurial behavior of engaging stakeholders—and taking shared responsibility for an unmet opportunity, (b) describe the intriguing articles that encompass this special issue, and (c) offer our thoughts on directions for future research at the intersection of stakeholder theory and entrepreneurship.

摘要：

创业涉及多方利益相关者和资源共同开发有价值的产品或服务的合作努力。因此，创业者利用机会取得进展的一个关键过程是通过识别、选择、登记和协调利益相关者网络。然而，尽管人们普遍认识到，将新企业带入生活需要多个利益相关者，但对利益相关者参与采取整体方法的学术研究却很少。在本期特刊中，我们:(a)提出利益相关者理论提供了一个全新的视角来看待与利益相关者接触的关键创业行为，并为未实现的机会承担共同责任;(b)描述围绕本期特刊的有趣文章;(c)提出我们对利益相关者理论和创业交叉领域未来研究方向的思考。

文献来源：

Bosse D A, Harrison J S, Pollack J M, et al. Entrepreneurial opportunities as responsibility[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2023, 47(1): 3-16.

PART.3

Does It Need to be Broader or Deeper? Trade-Offs in Entrepreneurship Theorizing

它需要更宽还是更深？创业理论化中的权衡

Keywords:

Opportunity recognition; Opportunity search; Discovery; Organization theory; Philosophy; time; Temporal aspects

关键词：

机会识别；机会搜索；发现；组织理论；哲学；时间；时间方面

Abstract:

Given the importance of theorizing about an entrepreneurial phenomenon, we seek to highlight the common challenges of entrepreneurship papers’ theorizing and offer suggestions for how we (as a community of scholars) can address these challenges to develop more robust and impactful entrepreneurship papers to advance the entrepreneurship field. Specifically, we identify the following major reviewer comments of entrepreneurship papers regarding their scope, common features (i.e., contextualization, boundary conditions, and time considerations), and “point of view”. Elaborating on these common comments of entrepreneurship theory papers, we offer guidance on incorporating these insights when writing or reviewing entrepreneurship papers.

摘要：

鉴于将创业现象理论化的重要性，我们试图强调创业研究理论化的共同挑战，并为我们(作为一个学者群体)如何应对这些挑战提供建议，以开发更强大、更有影响力的创业论文，推动创业领域的发展。具体来说，我们根据创业类论文的范围、共同特征(即语境化、边界条件和时间考虑)和“观点”确定了以下主要审稿人的评论。在阐述创业理论性论文的这些常见评论时，我们提供了在撰写或审查创业论文时纳入这些见解的指导。

文献来源：

Shepherd D A, Williams T A. Does it need to be broader or deeper? trade-offs in entrepreneurship theorizing[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2023, 47(4): 1003-103

PART.4

Has the concept of opportunities been fruitful in the field of entrepreneurship?

机会的概念在创业领域是否卓有成效?

Keywords:

Entrepreneurship; Topic Areas; Organization and Management Theory

关键词：

创业;主题领域;组织管理理论

Abstract:

Recent criticisms of the concept of opportunities either ignore the natural evolution of conceptual definitions in all the social sciences (Davidsson, 2015; Davidsson, Recker, & von Briel, 2020) or substitute different words for this concept (Foss & Klein, 2020). Neither tack provides a strong justification for abandoning the concept of opportunity in the field of entrepreneurship. Indeed, the concept of opportunities has forced entrepreneurship scholars to be clearer about their assumptions, has focused attention on Knightian uncertainty and the process of forming and exploiting opportunities, and links entrepreneurship research with some theories in the field of strategic management. It seems likely that opportunities will continue as an important concept in the field of entrepreneurship for some time.

摘要：

最近对机会概念的批评要么忽略了所有社会科学中概念定义的自然演变(Davidsson, 2015; Davidsson, Recker, & von Briel, 2020)或者用不同的词来代替这个概念(Foss & Klein, 2020)。这两种观点都不能为放弃创业领域的机会概念提供强有力的理由。事实上，机会的概念使得创业学者对他们的假设更加清晰，将注意力集中在奈特的不确定性和机会的形成和利用过程上，并将创业研究与战略管理领域的一些理论联系起来。在一段时间内，机会似乎仍将是创业领域的一个重要概念。

文献来源：

Alvarez S, Barney J B. Has the concept of opportunities been fruitful in the field of entrepreneurship? [J]. Academy of Management Perspectives, 2020, 34(3): 300-310.

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图文：吴伟欣

编辑：李发珍

审核：宁靓、姜忠辉